The Third Order Fresnel Lens
Lens in Service 1871-2003
Location: 4500 East Grand Lake Road, Presque Isle, Michigan 49777
Information: 989.595.9917
The Fresnel Lens, Briefly
The Fresnel (pronounced Fra-NELL, or Fray-NELL) Lens was invented by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 1822. An engineering marvel, it uses an array of glass prisms and a bullʼs-eye lens to focus light into a narrow beam visible at a distance of several miles. By the Civil War his lens had become the standard illumination device in nearly all American lighthouses.
When You Visit
Presque Isleʼs Third Order Fresnel Lens was removed from the New Lighthouse tower in 2003 and held in storage for nearly a decade. In 2012, at considerable cost, the lens was restored and placed on display in the entrance to the New Lightʼs Gift Shop, located in the 1870 Keeperʼs House. The display is similar to a lighthouseʼs lantern room and gives you (literally!) a birdʼs-eye view of this remarkable artifact. A small light burning inside the lens makes clear how successfully this lens concentrated and “threw” its light.
This is a must-see stop for visitors to Presque Isle. The display is open on the same schedule as the New Lighthouse. See our web siteʼs home page for days and hours of operation.
A History of the Fresnel Lens
French engineer and physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel was born at Broglie, in northern France, on May 10, 1788. As a child he appeared to be a slow learner. Indeed, at age 8 he still could not read. But before long his scientific brilliance became apparent.
Fresnel was educated at the Ecole polytechnique near Paris, and then studied at the Corps des Ponts et Chaussees, the worldʼs oldest civil engineering school. As a supporter of the Bourbon monarchy, he temporarily lost his engineering post during the Emperor Napoleonʼs return from Elba in 1814. When the monarchy was restored he obtained an engineering position at Paris and held that job for the rest of his life.
About 1814 he began work in optics and helped develop the wave theory of light. In 1822 he invented the lens which bears his name — widely regarded as the most significant breakthrough in lighthouse illumination since Pharos, the famous lighthouse at Alexandria.
For a lighthouse to be useful, it has to throw its light over a distance of several miles. Single lights, as well as lights with reflectors, proved inefficient because so much of their light was lost. A double convex lens (similar to a magnifying glass) could produce an appropriate focal length (the distance between the lens and the point at which the light converges), but the size and weight of such a lens made it impractical for lighthouse use. Fresnel reasoned that it was the curvature of the lens which provided the focusing power. He reproduced the curvature in segments, maintaining the desired focal length with just a fraction of the weight.
It was a brilliant technological advance and, in time, made Fresnelʼs name almost synonymous with lighthouses. Unfortunately, the inventor did not live to see his lens adopted across the globe. Fresnel died of tuberculosis on July 14, 1827, at Ville-dʼAvray, France. He was just 39 years old.
Fresnel received little recognition during his lifetime for his contributions to science. However, six decades after his death he was included in the list of 72 French scientists, engineers, and mathematicians whose names were engraved on the Eiffel Tower as an enduring tribute to their work.
The Fresnel lens used in a lighthouse looks like a big glass beehive. The larger lenses could be up to 12 feet tall. Concentric rings of glass prisms — steeper at the edges, flatter toward the center — are arranged above and below a central panel of bulls eye magnifying glasses. These are supported by a brass framework. The prisms bend the light into a narrow beam which captures up to 83% of the light, and the bulls eye panel throws the light out toward the horizon. The lensʼ efficiency allows the beam to be cast 20 miles or more.
Fresnel lenses are normally ranked in seven orders of power. The weakest (Sixth Order) was suitable for lakes and harbors, while the largest (First Order) was favored for fogbound seacoasts. The latter could weigh up to three tons! A lens ranked 3.5 was developed for use primarily on the Great Lakes.
Fresnel lenses were initially regarded with suspicion in America. Stephen Pleasonton is justly remembered for saving the Declaration of Independence from being burned by the British during the War of 1812. In 1820 he was placed in charge of the Treasury Departmentʼs Lighthouse Establishment. He was a sober administrator, always reluctant to spend the publicʼs money. Pleasonton considered the cost of the new Fresnel lenses prohibitive and refused to order them. However, mariners who experienced Fresnel-equipped lighthouses in Europe came home to complain about the weak lights displayed by U.S. lighthouses.
In 1838 Congress launched an investigation and imported a few of these new lenses for experimental use. The first was installed in 1841 at the Navesink Lighthouse overlooking the approach to New York Harbor. In 1852 the Lighthouse Establishment was dissolved, ending Pleasontonʼs reign over U.S. lighthouses. The new United States Lighthouse Board approved use of Fresnel lenses, cost notwithstanding. By the Civil War nearly all American lighthouses had been equipped with them.
Fresnel lenses were widely used in lighthouses until the mid-20th century, when they were replaced with beacons. However, the most widespread use of Fresnelʼs invention, at least for a period of time, was in automobile headlamps! The Fresnel system is still used for auto taillights. Flexible plastic sheet-type Fresnel lenses are used for reading small print in books and may be purchased on Amazon!
For more information on the Lighthouses and Museums visit our site:
